Direct Speech
(Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si
pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk
melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported
Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang
lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect
Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I. Statement (pernyataan)
II. Command (perintah)
III. Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct
Indirect
Am/is/are
-
was/were
Shall/will
-
should/would
Can
- could
May
- might
Must
Have/has
to
- had
to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place
(keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct
Indirect
now
- then
tomorrow
- the following day
next
week
- the following
week
tonight
- that night
today
- that day
yesterday
- the day before
last
night
- the night before
last
week
- the week before,
the precious week
here
- there
this
- that
these
- those
3.
Tenses
Direct
Indirect
Simple
present
- simple past
Simple past
- past perfect
Present perfect
Present
continous
- past continous
Present perfect continous
- past perfect continous
Simple
future
- past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that
(bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan
kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam
indirect statement ialah :
He said
He said to
me
that + reported words
He told me
EXAMPLE - Mary told her
friends “I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary
told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
- Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
- Mary told John that her father had arned her the night
before.
- My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
- My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
- Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
- Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present
Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
EXAMPLE
- John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John
says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
- Mary says “I have seen that film”
- Mary says that she has seen that film.
- My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
- My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
- Tom says “I don’t like English”
- Tom says that he don’t like English.
II.
COMMAND
Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1.
Positive Command
Dalam perintah positif kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat
perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang
dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
to + infinitive
|
He asked me
He told me
EXAMPLE - He asked me “Open your
book”
- He
asked me to open my book.
-
Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
-
Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
-
Mother asked John “Pay attention to
what I say”
-
Mother asked John to pay attention
to what she says.
-
John told Mary “Wait until I come”
-
John told Mary to wait until he
comes.
-
The teacher said to the students “Be
quiet while I am talking”
-
The teacher told the students to be
quiet while she is talking.
2.
Negative Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita
tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
EXAMPLE - Mary told John “Don’t
wait for me”
- Mary
told John not to wait for her.
-
I told him “Don’t mention it to
anyone”
-
I told him not to mention it to
anyone.
-
Father asked her “Don’t go there
alone”
-
Father asked her not to go there
alone.
-
Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my
house again”
-
Ira asked tom not to come to her
house again.
-
Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too
much”
-
Mother asked John not to smoke too
much.
III.
QUESTION
Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata
tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How,
dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung
dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk
positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
Positive Form
|
He asked me
where
When etc.
EXAMPLE - The man asked me :
“Where do you live ?”
- The man
asked me where I lived.
- John asked
Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
- John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
- I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
- I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
- He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
- He asked me how I would go there.
- John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
- John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya,
dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes
& No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
EXAMPLE - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
- The boy asked John if Mary lived
near there.
-
The teacher asked her : “Have you
finish your homework ?”
-
The teacher asked her if he had
finished her homework.
-
Mary asked me : “Did you she John at
the party the night before.
-
Mary asked me whether I had seen
John at the party the night before.
-
We asked them : “Will you go to the
movie with us tonight ?”
-
We asked them whether they would go
to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”
-
Mother asked John if he was going to
marry her.
Note :
Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
