Direct And Indirect Speech

Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.

Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.

Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :

I.         Statement (pernyataan)

II.      Command (perintah)

III.   Question (pertanyaan)

Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :

1.        To be & Auxiliary Verbs

Direct                                       Indirect

Am/is/are                    -             was/were

Shall/will                     -             should/would

Can                             -             could

May                            -             might

Must                          

Have/has to                 -             had to

Ought to

2.        Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

Direct                                        Indirect

now                                 -           then

tomorrow                         -           the following day

next week                        -           the following week

tonight                             -           that night

today                               -           that day

yesterday                         -           the day before

last night                          -           the night before

last week                         -           the week before,

                                                    the precious week

here                                  -           there

this                                   -           that

these                                -           those

3.        Tenses

Direct                                         Indirect

Simple present                   -        simple past

Simple past

                                           -        past perfect

Present perfect

Present continous              -        past continous

Present perfect continous  -        past perfect continous

Simple future                     -        past future

I.         STATEMENT

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement ialah :

He said

He said to me                    that + reported words

He told me

EXAMPLE  - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.”

             - Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

-   Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”

-   Father said that he was going out of town the following day.

-   Mary told John “my father warned me last night”

-   Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.

-   My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”

-   My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.

-   Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”

-   Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.

Apabila kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.

EXAMPLE  - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

              - John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

-   Mary says “I have seen that film”

-   Mary says that she has seen that film.

-   My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”

-   My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.

-   Tom says “I don’t like English”

-   Tom says that he don’t like English.

 II.      COMMAND

Command dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :

1.      Positive Command

Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :

to + infinitive

He asked me

He told me

EXAMPLE - He asked me “Open your book”

             - He asked me to open my book.

-  Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”

-  Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.

-  Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”

-  Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.

-  John told Mary “Wait until I come”

-  John told Mary to wait until he comes.

-  The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”

-  The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.

2.      Negative Command

Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.

EXAMPLE - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

             - Mary told John not to wait for her.

-  I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”

-  I told him not to mention it to anyone.

-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

-  Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”

-  Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.

-  Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”

-  Mother asked John not to smoke too much.

III.   QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where, When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :

Positive Form

He asked me       where

                          When etc.  

EXAMPLE - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

             - The man asked me where I lived.

 -  John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”

-  John asked Mary why she got angry with him.

-  I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”

-  I asked him when he had got back from his trip.

-  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”

-  He asked me how I would go there.

-  John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”

-  John asked the girl what her name was.

Bila pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.

EXAMPLE - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

- The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

-  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

-  The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

-  Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.

-  Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.

-  We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”

-  We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.

-  Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her ?”

-  Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.

Note :    Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian